Note that in the early stages, processes may be cognitive, affective, or
evaluative. With action, they become more behaviorally oriented. Also listed are
examples and interventions associated with each process.
Stage
|
Process
|
Intervention
|
| Precontemplation |
Consciousness-raising: increases awareness
|
Education (see Patient Education); confrontation; media
campaigns
|
| Dramatic relief: emotional experience followed by
reduced affect if action can be taken
|
Role playing; grieving; personal testimonies; media
campaigns
|
| Environmental reevaluation: cognitive and affective
assessments of how one's behavior affects others, i.e., effect of smoking
on others; realization of self as role model
|
Empathy training; family interventions; documentaries
|
| Contemplation |
Self-reevaluation: cognitive and affective
assessments to reevaluate self-image
|
Value clarification; healthy role models; imagery
|
| Preparation |
Self-liberation: belief that one can change and
commitment to change
|
Enhanced by three choices for action
|
| Action |
Stimulus control: remove triggers for unhealthy
behaviors, substitute prompts for healthy behaviors
|
Ex. replace cookies with healthy snacks prepared and
readily available
|
| Contingency management: reinforcements for positive
steps toward desired behaviors
|
Positive self-statements; group praise and recognition
|
| Helping relationships: provide caring, trust,
openness and acceptance
|
Support network; therapeutic alliance
|
| Counterconditioning: learning healthy behavior to
substitute for problem behaviors
|
Relaxation techniques; assertiveness training
|
| Maintenance |
Continue positive reinforcement; social support
|