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Department of Family Medicine
EBM–Success In Five Steps

Searching for and applying the best clinical evidence


Step 1. Forming Clinical Questions so they can be Answered

Sources of Clinical Questions:

Clinical questions arise at knowledge gaps in personal clinical practice
Diagnosis: How powerful and accurate is a new diagnostic test?
Therapy: What’s the starting dose of this new drug?
Prognosis: What are the latest findings about the progression of the disease my patient has?
Prevention: How can I screen and reduce risk for this disease?
Education: How can I teach my patient about...?
Clinical evidence: How can I gather findings properly and interpret them soundly?

Define an important, searchable question:

The Well-built Clinical Question (User’s Tips for EBM): (Centres For Health Evidence)

Step 2. Searching for the Best External Evidence

Evidence resources: where to search?

MEDLINE
Produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the MEDLINE database is widely recognized as the premier source for bibliographic and abstract coverage of biomedical literature. MEDLINE encompasses information from Index Medicus, Index to Dental Literature, and International Nursing, as well as other sources of coverage in the areas of allied health, biological and physical sciences, humanities and information science as they relate to medicine and health care, communication disorders, population biology, and reproductive biology. More than 9.5 million records from more than 3,900 journals are indexed, plus selected monographs of congresses and symposia (1976-1981). Abstracts are included for about 67% of the records.

EMBASE
the Excerpta Medica database, produced by Elsevier Science, is a major biomedical and pharmaceutical database indexing over 3,500 international journals in the following fields: drug research, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, toxicology, clinical and experimental human medicine, health policy and management, public health, occupational health, environmental health, drug dependence and abuse, psychiatry, forensic medicine, and biomedical engineering/instrumentation. There is selective coverage for nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, psychology, and alternative medicine. EMBASE is one of the most widely used biomedical and pharmaceutical databases because of its currency and in-depth indexing. Frequent updates allow access to the latest medical and pharmacological trends. Approximately 375,000 records are added yearly.

Evidence Based Medicine Reviews: Best Evidence (OVID)
Best Evidence (ACP) is the latest addition to a growing collection of Ovid's Evidence Based Medicine Reviews collection. The Best Evidence Collection consists of two journals: ACP Journal Club, a publication of the American College of Physicians, and Evidence-Based Medicine, a joint publication with the British Medical Journal Group. The editors of Best Evidence screen the top clinical journals on a regular basis and identify studies that are both methodologically sound and clinically relevant. They write enhanced abstracts of the chosen articles and provide commentaries on the value of the articles for clinical practice. Using this source, clinicians can quickly understand and apply to their practices important changes in medical knowledge without having to read and synthesize for themselves thousands of journal articles.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (OVID)
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (COCH) includes the full text of the regularly updated systematic reviews of the effects of healthcare prepared by The Cochrane Collaboration. The reviews are presented in two types:

  1. Complete reviews–Regularly updated Cochrane Reviews, prepared and maintained by Collaborative Review Groups
  2. Protocols–Protocols for reviews currently being prepared (all include an expected date of completion). Protocols are the background, objectives and methods of reviews in preparation.

HEALTHSTAR
Contains citations to the published literature on health services, technology, administration, and research. It focuses on both the clinical and non-clinical aspects of health-care delivery. The following topics are included: evaluation of patient outcomes; effectiveness of procedures, programs, products, services and processes; administration and planning of health facilities, services and manpower; health insurance; health policy; health services research; health economics and financial management; laws and regulation; personnel administration; quality assurance; licensure; and accreditation. HealthSTAR is produced cooperatively by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the American Hospital Association. The database contains citations and abstracts (when available) to journal articles, monographs, technical reports, meeting abstracts and papers, book chapters, government documents, and newspaper articles from 1975 to the present. Citations are indexed with the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Medical Subject Headings in order to ensure compatibility with other NLM databases. Information in HealthSTAR is derived from MEDLINE, CATLINE, the Hospital Literature Index, and selected journals. Additional records specially indexed for this database do not appear in any other NLM database. HealthSTAR replaces the former Health Planning and Administration database.

Strategies for Searching the Medical Literature (Centres For Health Evidence)

User’s Guides to the Medical Literature (Centres For Health Evidence)

Step 3. Critically Appraising the Evidence for Validity and Importance

Validity = proximity to truth.

Importance = potentially useful to you, the clinician.

McMaster University Guide (User’s Map) to assess validity and importance of evidence about:

Therapy Decision Analysis
Diagnosis Practice Guideline
Harm Outcome Analysis
Prognosis Quality of Life
Overview Utilization Review

Tools to help you appraise the evidence:

User’s Tools for the Medical Literature (Centres For Health Evidence)

The EBM Toolbox (Oxford University)

User’s Worksheets for the Medical Literature (Centres For Health Evidence)

Step 4. Applying it in Clinical Practice

For guidelines for applying a valid and important test, prognosis, treatment, evidence of harm, and/or quality-improving strategy in your practice, see McMaster University Guide (User’s Map) to assess applicability of evidence about:

Therapy Decision Analysis
Diagnosis Practice Guideline
Harm Outcome Analysis
Prognosis Quality of Life
Overview Utilization Review

Step 5. Evaluating your Performance as a Practitioner of EBM

Ask yourself questions about your ability to:

  1. Ask answerable clinical questions

  2. Find the best external evidence

  3. Critically appraise the evidence and evaluate it for its validity and potential usefulness

  4. Integrate critical appraisal of the best available external evidence from systematic research with individual clinical expertise in personal daily clinical practice


Copyright 2008
Medical College of Georgia
All rights reserved.

Research and Faculty Development  |  Department of Family Medicine
 
Medical College of Georgia

Please email comments, suggestions or questions to:
Stan Sulkowski, ssulkowski@mcg.edu.

January 10, 2008