Medical College of Georgia
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Meningitis
What is Meningitis? Meningitis is an infection of the fluid of a person's spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain. People sometimes refer to it as spinal meningitis. Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or bacterium is important because the severity of illness and the treatment differ. Viral meningitis is generally less severe and resolves without specific treatment, while bacterial meningitis can be quite severe and may result in brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disability. For bacterial meningitis, it is also important to know which type of bacteria is causing the meningitis because antibiotics can prevent some types from spreading and infecting other people. Before the 1990s, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, but new vaccines being given to all children as part of their routine immunizations have reduced the occurrence of invasive disease due to H. influenzae. Today, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading causes of bacterial meningitis. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis? High fever, headache, and stiff neck are common symptoms of meningitis in anyone over the age of 2 years. These symptoms can develop over several hours, or they may take 1 to 2 days. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness. In newborns and small infants, the classic symptoms of fever, headache, and neck stiffness may be absent or difficult to detect, and the infant may only appear slow or inactive, or be irritable, have vomiting, or be feeding poorly. As the disease progresses, patients of any age may have seizures. How is Meningitis Diagnosed? Early diagnosis and treatment are very important. If symptoms occur, the patient should see a doctor immediately. The diagnosis is usually made by growing bacteria from a sample of spinal fluid. The spinal fluid is obtained by performing a spinal tap, in which a needle is inserted into an area in the lower back where fluid in the spinal canal is readily accessible. Identification of the type of bacteria responsible is important for selection of correct antibiotics. Can Meningitis Be Treated? Bacterial meningitis can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important, however, that treatment be started early in the course of the disease. Appropriate antibiotic treatment of most common types of bacterial meningitis should reduce the risk of dying from meningitis to below 15%, although the risk is higher among the elderly. Is Meningitis Contagious? Yes, some forms of bacterial meningitis are contagious. The bacteria are
spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions (i.e.,
coughing, kissing). Fortunately, none of the bacteria that cause meningitis
are as contagious as things like the common cold or the flu, and they are
not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where a person
with meningitis has been. Are There Vaccines Against Meningitis? Yes, there are vaccines against Hib and against some strains of N. meningitidis and many types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The vaccines against Hib are very safe and highly effective. There is also a vaccine that protects against four strains
of N. meningitidis, but it is not routinely used in the United
States and is not effective in children under 18 months of age. The vaccine
against N. meningitidis is sometimes used to control outbreaks of
some types of meningococcal meningitis in the United States. Meningitis
cases should be reported to state or local health departments to assure
follow-up of close contacts and recognize outbreaks. Although large
epidemics of meningococcal meningitis do not occur in the United States,
some countries experience large, periodic epidemics. Overseas travelers
should check to see if meningococcal vaccine is recommended for their
destination. Travelers should receive the vaccine at least 1 week before
departure, if possible. Information on areas for which meningococcal vaccine
is recommended can be obtained by calling the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention at (404)-332-4565. FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE GO TO:| CDC Update from October 20, 1999 Press Release: | |
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