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Chapter 1 Index
A. General Information
about the well child examination B. Nutrition Issues
C. Sleep Issues
D. Dental Issues
E. Anticipatory Guidance
F. Screening Tests
--Hearing Screening in
Children
--Vision Screening in Children |
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Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terms
Strabismus:
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Term |
Definition |
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Strabismus |
Misalignment of eyes: occurs in 4% children < 6 years of age |
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Hirshberg test |
Corneal light reflex: most easily performed diagnostic test |
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Cover tests: |
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a.cover-uncover test |
Child looks at an object a distance away – up to 20 feet; cover one eye
and watch for movement of the other eye. Repeat for each eye. |
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b.alternate cover test |
Alternate covering and uncovering each ey shifting back and forth –
recently uncovered eye shifts as cover the other eye. |
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Tropias (exo and eso) |
Manifest deviations of the eyes |
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Phorias (exo and eso) |
Latent deviations. |
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Pseudostrabismus |
Associated with flat nasal bridge, prominent epicanthal folds, narrow
interpupillary distance. |
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Hyperopia |
Farsighted |
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Accomodative esotropia |
When eyes converge, if hyperopic, then find this; can be associated with
amblyopia. Treat with glasses |
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Intermittent exotropia |
Often noticed when looking at a distance |
Nystagmus
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Congenital pendular nystagmus |
Can be associated with a number of ocular and visual defects such as
albinism, aniridia, cataracts. |
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Congenital jerky nystagmus |
Horizontal with nystagmus coarser in one direction Can be familial. |
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Acquired nystagmus |
Bad news: can be involvement of cerebellum, brain stem, cerebral disease
or side effect of medications. |
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Convergent nystagmus |
Repetitive jerking of the eyes: can be result of CNS tumor, vascular or
inflammatory problem |
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Spasmus nutans |
Pendular nystagmus, head nodding and torticollis; either good or bad:
resolves on its own, but can be associated with CNS tumors: hypothalamus
and optic chiasm gliomas. |
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Opsiclonus |
Nonrhythmic, multidirectional, chaotic movement of the eyes: eyes are in
agitation: encephalitis or neuroblastoma. |
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Ocular dysmetria |
From cerebellar disease: like limb dysmetria; overshoot of the eyes with
to and fro oscillations |
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